It looks like the wrong name will be the cause.
Blender will never change the name of the bone if you rename a vert group – but it will rename a vert group if you change the name of the bone.
If you change the name of the bone WHILE it corresponds to a matching vertex group, the vertex group on the mesh will also be renamed.
However, if you change the name while it isn’t connected (armature modifier) or if you just change the name of the vertex group, it won’t match anymore. Blender won’t know to keep these names the same.
So if this vert group was created on the mesh, it will still be there. And if you rename it to match the bone name, it should start working again.
I hope some of that rambling made sense. haha.