Well, I’m not quite sure what changed, but I created a second object to do further testing and when using the Scene spacing mode, I was able to get a consistent stroke, unlike previously when I was only able to mark a single dot on the mesh in this post. Since those results were promising, I tried sculpting on the original mesh, and whaddaya know it actually sculpts smoothly and follows my pen cursor.
I do not know what changed or what setting I tweaked to get this result. I guess I’m just glad Blender is behaving again :/