The shaders have changed a bit too since 2.83 but since that is the version the course file was saved in and you say a newly created file works just fine, the problem is most likely that something in the course file is linked to a setting that has been overhauled since. In that case there shouldn’t be anything wrong with your system, seems powerful enough.
Blender files are usually backwards compatible to a certain extend, but the changes between 2.83 and 4.2 are quite significant. I just opened said file in my 4.2.1 and get the same noise and it looks totally funky. So rest assured it’s the file compatibility, not your system.

Edit: Just opened the same file with 3.6 and 4.1.1 and it works totally as intended, no noise.