Hi Matthieu,
Most likely the Bevel is being Clamped by some Close-together Edges. Disable the Clamp Overlap:

You might need to decrease the Bevel Amount when you do that.
You can also, in Edit Mode, Select all (with A) and then: M > Merge > By Distance.
And make sure your Scale is Applied. In Object Mode, CTRL+A > Apply > Scale.
If that all doesn’t help, ask again and add some screenshots (whole UI).