What you’re describing is totally normal behaviour. Your are not trying to select an edge loop, when you select one of the outer edges on a cube. The edges on a cube end in a pole, in this case a vertex connected to three edges. An edge loop will not continue there.
When you add an edge loop down the middle of the cube, that’s an edge loop, because you don’t run into a pole. So alt-clicking one of the default edges on a default cube does note select an edge loop, because there is none.
